Portage BIOD 101 Module 6 Latest Update 2024- 2025 Actual Exam Questions and 100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
1-5 days - CORRECT ANSWER: incubation period for GAS infection
- mutate rapidly and change antigens (HIV)
2. develop thick protective capsules to mask antigens - CORRECT ANSWER: immune
system evasion methods
- physical barriers
- antimicrobial proteins
3. cellular defenses - CORRECT ANSWER: Innate immunity mechanisms
a polymer consisting of two cross-linked sugars, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-
acetylmuric acid (NAM) - CORRECT ANSWER: peptidoglycan
acts as a signal to communicate with other cells to warn that a virus is present and
signals self-destruction of the cell - CORRECT ANSWER: Interferon Type I
agents used by a pathogen to colonize a host - CORRECT ANSWER: virulence factors
all the daughter cells that are the same as the parent B cell and respond to one antigen
- CORRECT ANSWER: clones
antibiotics used to treat K. pneumoniae infections - CORRECT ANSWER: carbapenems
anything that causes disease in a human - CORRECT ANSWER: pathogen
B cells and their associated antibodies patrolling the bloodstream - CORRECT
ANSWER: humoral responses
bacteria with a rod shape - CORRECT ANSWER: Bacilli
bacteria with a spherical shape - CORRECT ANSWER: Cocci
bacteria with a spiral shape - CORRECT ANSWER: Spiral
bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer surrounded by an additional outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides, appears red or pink with gram-staining - CORRECT
ANSWER: Gram negative bacteria
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bacteria with simple cell wall made of a thick peptidoglycan layer, appears purple with
gram-stain - CORRECT ANSWER: Gram positive bacteria
can release cytokines to activate B cells, signal phagocytes, or activate other T cell
subsets - CORRECT ANSWER: Helper T cells
cells that engulf pathogens and degrade them using lysosomes within the cell -
CORRECT ANSWER: phagocytes
chains of cocci - CORRECT ANSWER: strepto
clusters of cocci - CORRECT ANSWER: staphylo
commonly used to treat gram-positive infections - CORRECT ANSWER: Penicillin
complication resulting from untreated GAS infection; antibodies meant to fight GAS bind
to tissues of heart and create an inflammatory cascade - CORRECT ANSWER: acute
rheumatic heart disease
contain unique RNA and proteins that can be targeted by antibiotics; in prokaryotes not
membrane-bound and smaller than in eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWER: ribosomes
coordinated response between B and NK cells; B cell encounters antigen and produces antibodies that bind to NK cells and signal the NK cell to destroy the cell attached to the
other end - CORRECT ANSWER: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
cytokine proteins secreted in response to a viral pathogen; cell signaling molecules -
CORRECT ANSWER: Interferons
daughter cells that are immediately active, concentration declines within a few days of
threat removal - CORRECT ANSWER: effector cells
derived from the thymus, have membrane-bound receptors to recognize antigens from
invading pathogens - CORRECT ANSWER: T-cells
dormant but antigen-specific with the ability to respond to a threat - CORRECT
ANSWER: memory cells
enzyme used by S. pyogenes to crosslink sugars of the peptidoglycan wall, penicillin
prevents its action - CORRECT ANSWER: Transpeptidase
enzymes necessary for synthesizing peptidoglycan wall. Carbapenems bind to it and block synthesis of the cell wall, causing pathogen to undergo autolysis - CORRECT
ANSWER: penicillin binding proteins
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