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PORTAGE LEARNING PATHO PHYSIOLOGY NURS
231/BIOD 331 MODULES 1- 10 FINAL EXAM REVIEW
AND STUDY GUIDE EXAM NEWEST 2025 COMPLETE
EXAM| QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS ) ALREADY GRADED
A+| UPDATED 2025!!
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? – ANSWER - All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane.
What is the function of the nucleus? – ANSWER - The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA.
Name 3 structures within the nucleus. – ANSWER - Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
What organelles are located in the cytoplasm? – ANSWER - The organelles in the cytoplasm include the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, and lysosomes.
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pg. 2 What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER? –
ANSWER -
The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone synthesis.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
– ANSWER -
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals. The mitochondria are aptly termed the “power plants” of the cell, as they transform organic compounds (energy in food) into cellular energy for the cell.
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function? –
ANSWER -
The cytoskeleton contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell shape and movement.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
– ANSWER -
Cilia can be found on many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and bronchi in the upper respiratory system. In the human body, only spermatozoa contain flagella. 2 / 4
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What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? – ANSWER - The cell membrane controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within, binds hormone receptors, helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells, and aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.
Why do cells need to communicate with one another? – ANSWER - In complex organisms, cells develop special functions, contribute to growth, and adapt to changes. Cells must have the ability to communicate with one another, transport substances in and out, and respond to these changes.
Name the 4 types of cell signaling. – ANSWER - Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signaling
What is the most important active transport system and why is it important? – ANSWER - The most studied active transport system is the sodium-potassium (Na+/K+)-ATPase pump. The pump moves sodium from inside the cell to the extracellular region and returns potassium to the inside of the cell.If this process didn’t occur, sodium would remain in the cell and water would follow, causing the cell to swell.
Define endocytosis and the 2 processes it encompasses. – ANSWER - Endocytosis occurs when a molecule outside of the cell is enclosed in an invagination of the cell membrane forming a vesicle inside the cell. It 3 / 4
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pg. 4 includes pinocytosis and phagocytosis. Pinocytosis, or “cell drinking,” engulfs small solid or fluid particles, as seen with proteins and electrolytes. Phagocytosis means “cell eating” and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate matter.
Why are ion channels necessary? – ANSWER - Because small ions like sodium and potassium have an electrical charge, they are unable to get through the lipid layer of the cell membrane. Their way across is by facilitated diffusion through selective ion channels.
Understand the different types of transport systems. – ANSWER - In primary active transport, ATP is used directly to transport the substance. In secondary active transport, energy is derived from the primary active transport of one substance, usually sodium, for the cotransport of a second substance. When sodium leaves the cell by primary active transport, a concentration gradient develops. This results in storage of energy because sodium is wanting to diffuse back into the cell. Two groups of secondary active transport are available. Cotransport or symport systems consist of sodium ions and the solute being transported in the same direction. Counter-transport or antiport systems has sodium ions and the solute being transported in the opposite direction. An example of cotransport occurs in the intestine in which the absorption of glucose and amino acids is paired with sodium transport.
What are membrane potentials? – ANSWER - Electrical potentials that exist in the cell membrane are called membrane potentials. Membrane potentials in nerve and muscle cells are needed to
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