ChildLanguageDevelopment Paper1,SectionB CLDSpeaking Terminology Contingenttalk-styleofcommunicationwheretheparenttalksaboutobjectsintheinfant'scurrentfocus ofattention.Recasting-repeatingandbuildingsentences.(Wordorderandsyntax) Decontextualising-talkingaboutthepastandfuture Phonologicalawareness-readingandwriting Protowords-madeupwordsthatachildwillusetorepresentawordtheymightnotyetbeableto pronounce,forexample‘blankie’forblanket.Communicativecompetence-abilitytoformaccurateandunderstandableutterance,usingthegrammar systemandtounderstandsocialcontextforusingthem.Stagesofspokenlanguagedevelopment 1.Preverbalstage ●cryingcansignalhunger,windortiredness ●thebabybeginstoexercisevocalcordstogainothersattentionandunderstanddiscoursestructure.cooing-ab2months -Experimentswithnoisesdistinctfromcrying babbling-ab6months -Reduplicatedbabbling-appearsfirstandinvolveschildrepeatedlycreatingsamesounds, eg.bababa -Variegatedbabbling-involvesvariationinconsonantandvowelbutdoesn’tresemble recognisablewords,eg.daba 2.Holophrastic ●Between12-18months(firstwordaround12months) ●Childconveyswholesentenceworthofmeaninginsinglewordorlabelsthingsaroundthem -Deliberatelyconveysmeaning(unlikebabbling) -Firstwordisoften‘mummy’or‘daddy’ -Largeproportionofwordsareconcretenouns ●Childreliesheavilyonnon-verbalcommunicationinordertoclarifyintendedmeaning ●Caregiveroftenexpandsonachild’sutterancetomodelaccurateform/clarifythechild’sneed Groupsofsoundsordereddevelopment
●Early8:m,b,j(y),n,w,d,p,h-byage3
●Middle8:t,(ng),k,g,f,v,(ch),(j),-byage45
●Late8:(sh),(th),s,z,l,r,(dg)
Themainexplanationforwhychildrenacquiresomesoundsbeforeothersisdownto‘articulatoryease’and ‘perceptualdiscriminability’-howeasyitisforachildtocreatesoundsandhoweasilytheycandistinctly hearspecificsounds.Parentese -Parenteseisasimplifiedandrepetitivetypeofspeech,withexaggeratedintonationandrhythm, oftenusedbyadultswhenspeakingtobabies.Thismightincludediminutives. 1 / 2
-Diminutives‘reduce’thescaleofanobjectbyaddingasuffixe.g.doggieanddolly.Thisis supposedlymoreaccessible,phonologicallyeasierandmoreappealingtochildren.●Substitution-Theprocessofswappingonesoundforanother(thatiseasierto pronounce)egfink(insteadofthink) ●Assimilation-Assimilationistheprocessthatillustrateshowsomesoundschange becauseofotherwordsaroundthem.●Take"gog"and"babbit"forexample.So,inbothcases,thefirstconsonantsoundhas beeninfluencedbythesecond.("doggie"becomes"goggie"and"rabbit"becomes"babbit") ●Deletion-Omittingaparticularsoundwithinaword,egflyin(g)ortephone (telephone) ●Consonantclusterreduction-Reducingphonologicallymorecomplexunitsinto simplerones-fromtwo(ormore)consonantsdowntoone,egdis(notdish) 3.Twowords ●Around18months,childstartsputtingtwowordstogethertoconveymeaning,egmummysit ●Utterancemorerefinedthanholophrasesaspotentialmeaninghasnarrowed,thefurtheracquisition progresstheclearerlanguagebecomes ●Beginunderstandinggrammar ●Cognitivechangeoccurs,‘naminginsight’realisingeverythingaroundthemhasnamessothey acquire2or3newwordsdailyandbyageof2,will,squire300words.
4.Telegraphic ●Around2years,longercomplexutterances ●Includeskeycontentwordswithinsentencetoconveymeaning 1.Omitsgrammaticalwordsrequiredforstructuralaccuracybutnotconveymeaning.Eg.Me goingontrip.Syntaxislargelyaccuratebutthechildusesobjectpronoun‘me’insteadof‘I’ aswellasomittingauxiliaryverb‘am’andindefinitearticle‘a’asomittingauxiliaryverb‘am’ andindefinitearticle‘a’
-contentwords:sunjuicehappymummy
-grammaticalwords:isweoninthe
5.Post-telegraphic ●Aroundage3,speechincreasinglyresembleadultspeech ●Grammaticalwordsthatwereprevomittednowappearinsentencesalongsidecontentwords ●Subtlenuancesoflangsuchascontractedforms,verbinflectionsandformationsofpronounswill beincreasinglyaccurate ●Acceptingthatbyage4,childwillspeaklargelygrammaticallyaccurateandcompletesentences.Theories Skinnerandbehaviourism -Throughexperimentswithratsandpigeons,heproposedthetheorythatallbehaviourisaresultof theconditioningwehaveexperiencedratherthananyfreedomofchoice.(1957) Proposedthatchildrenlearnthroughimitation Operantconditioning:theideathateitherapositiveornegativeresponsegivenbyacaregivercan influencethewayinwhichachildtalksonfutureoccasions.
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