Psych 1101 Cornell Final Exam with

Psych 1101 Cornell Final Exam with Certified Solutions

Psychology Scientific study of mind and behavior What is scientific explanation?satisfying explanation invokes a simple right-to-the-point question.Problems in the practice of science?

• Replicability

-p-hacking

• fraud

replicability Run the study again.

• Allows you to examine if a finding isreliable
• Replications can be tricky to interpret
• Design differences
• Underpowered failed replications
• Replication successes that are inconsistent withoriginal

p-hacking exploiting researcher degrees of freedom to get significant results p- hacking example 1 / 4

Does Psych 1101 make students happier?• 2 groups: psych 1101 vs. control class(oceanography)• Outcome: ratings of happiness

• Researcher degrees of freedom:

• When do we end data collection?
• Do we exclude students who did not attend xnumber of classes?
• Which questions do we use to measure happiness?
• Do we "control for" baseline levels of happiness?

Fraud making up or manipulating data

• False positive psychology
• Prevalence of questionableresearch practices

Pre-Registration Data analysis plan posted before they are analyzed What is the importance of pre-registration?

• Distinguishes confirmatory/exploratory analyses
• Reduces p-hacking

What does it mean to say that a study is "underpowered"?

Power: capacity to detect effects assuming they are there

Many studies do not collect sufficient observations to detect the effects Correlation vs. Causation 2 / 4

Correlation is the relationship between between two variables probability that the variables are closely related to one another.Causation the determination that one variable causes—is responsible for—an effect.Falsifiability the ability of a claim to be tested and—possibly—refuted Three dimensions of methods observation vs. experiment, lab vs field, self-report vs behavior Observation vs. Experiment observational designs provide good data but they cannot determine causality vs isolating variables in order to determine causality, Control vs. Experimental, Random assignment The dependent variable Measure the outcome Independent Variable (IV) Manipulate something lab vs field lab takes place in a laboratory environment under controlled conditions. Fieldwork is more random and spontaneous.self report vs behavior 3 / 4

behavioral measures responses to uncommon stimuli in structured situation, whereas self-report measures ask participants to reflect on their behaviors across a variety of unstructured situations Central Nervous System (CNS) divided into a number of important parts including the spinal cord

4 main parts:

• Forebrain (Procencephalon)
• Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
• Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
• Spinal Cord

Left and Right Hemispheres of the Brain brain is divided into two halves Left Brain

• resoning
• language
• / 4