Psych 375 Cognition: Exam 1 Study Guide with
Complete Solutions Wilhelm Wundt: - Correct Answer father of modern/experimental psychology, had first real psych lab, promoted introspection (internal processes), wanted to break cognition down into constituents Mary Whiton Calkins: - Correct Answer US scientist, interested in memory, president of APA, researched "recency effect" (look at list, try to remember as many as possibly, words presented most recently were remembered the best) William James: - Correct Answer father of American psychology, attention and tip of the tongue phenomenon, more philosopher, thoughtful about cognitive processes, interested in entire function rather than different parts like Wunt
Behaviorism: - Correct Answer study of reaction to stimuli, external
- F. Skinner: - Correct Answer behaviorist, interested in language, conditioning
- C. Tolman: - Correct Answer trained rats through mazes based on reward, cognitive maps in the
John B. Watson: - Correct Answer American psychologist, tired of the subjective theme of introspection. Behaviorism could be more objectively measured. Also believed that cognitive processes did not play a role in behavior. Believed the absolute prediction of behavior based on stimuli. Performed the "Little Albert" experiment.Cognitive revolution - Correct Answer an intellectual movement that began in the 1950s as an interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes. It later became known collectively as cognitive science Hermann Ebbinghaus: - Correct Answer contemporary of Wundt, performed research on himself involving memory, memorize list of syllables, discovered learning curve of memory,
mind of the rats, Noam Chomsky: - Correct Answer cognitive psychologist, interested in language, writings about language kicked of cognitive revolution in 1950's 1 / 2
Gestalt psychology: - Correct Answer interested in perception, how people perceived things, whole is more than the sum of its parts. Maybe behavuirusm doesnt have all anseres, different perceptions based on stimuli Ulric Neisser: - Correct Answer wrote first cognitive psychology textbook, considered father of C. Ps.promoted experiments with ecological validity Stability vs. change: - Correct Answer stability (groups that remain mainly the same as a group) vs
change: see change in children across their lifetime within groups
Nature vs. nurture - Correct Answer child development genes and personality vs. environment Equifinality vs. Multifinality - Correct Answer equi=all these different parts can lead to this outcome or this is why they are this outcome. multi=someone who experiences a situation can come out of that situation with several different outcomes Jean Piaget: - Correct Answer theory of development came from observing children, intelligence is an active, constructive and dynamic process. Constructive because learning builds on each other, and dynamic because you learn from engagement, observation, lots of ways. Mistakes are meaningful because they resemble thought processes. development=structure of thinking changes.Sensorimotor stage: - Correct Answer learning through senses, touching & tasting, object permanence, thought to action. Reflexive actions to intentional goals.Preoperational stage: - Correct Answer intuitive thought (logic is whatever feels rights to me) egocentrism (world revolves around me) don't understand reversibility (something breaks, can't be put back together) and classification (categorize objects) and conservation (one thing can't have two properties) Concrete operational stage: - Correct Answer logical but abstract thinking, develop reversibility and classification, Formal operational stage: - Correct Answer abstract thought and hypothetical thinking Zone of proximal development: - Correct Answer area within which children are ready to learn. Hard enough but not too hard that it's boring.
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