PSYCH 375 Final Exam Review Questions with Complete Solutions Psycholinguistics - Correct Answer The interdisciplinary study of how people use languages; combination of psychology and linguistics Phonetics - Correct Answer Study and classification of speech sounds Phonemes - Correct Answer Smallest unit of sound (analogous but not identical to letters; English has 26 letters but ~40 phonemes) Morphemes - Correct Answer Basic units of meaning (analogous but not identical to words; "s" means plural, "-ed" means past tense, "pre-" means before, etc.) Syntax - Correct Answer The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language Semantics - Correct Answer The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language Prosody - Correct Answer Patterns of rhythm and intonation in speech Surface structure - Correct Answer The literal ordering of words in a sentence Deep structure - Correct Answer The underlying abstract meaning of a sentence Negatives - Correct Answer Words that mean no; common negatives: no, not, never, nowhere, nothing, nobody, no one, neither, scarcely, barely Can create ambiguity and make language difficult to understand if used more than once Passive voice - Correct Answer The subject of the sentence receives the action. 1 / 2
Syntactic complexity - Correct Answer Embedded clauses; a sentence inside a sentence Ex. "The woman approached the window, which looked on the rolling green hills of the English countryside, and lobbed a brick at the gardener" They tax our working memory Ambiguity - Correct Answer The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.An ambiguous sentence has one surface structure but more than one possible deep structure Ex. "Include your children when baking cookies" Good-enough approach (to language processing) - Correct Answer Our representation of the meaning of language input may not match the actual input. Instead, it's "good enough" to help us communicate.Ex. "How many of each animal did Moses put into the ark?" "While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib" Dual route cascaded model of reading (DRC) - Correct Answer Sometimes we recognize words visually (direct access) Sometimes we have to go from image to sound to meaning (indirect access) Direct route - Correct Answer Recognizing words as whole units; going straight from image to meaning without help from phonology Indirect route - Correct Answer Image --> sound --> meaning "Sounding out" words
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