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PSYCH 445 FINAL EXAM VERSION A AND B
NEWEST 2025 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY
GRADED A+
Question: Is fMRI a measurement technique or a manipulation
technique?
ANSWER: measurement technique, because the direction of
inference is from manipulation of behavior (or perception or thought) to changes in brain function
Question: Name two manipulation techniques in neuroscience
ANSWER: Brain Lesions and TMS
Question: To what aspect of imaging does "contrast" refer?
ANSWER: The difference in signal intensity between different
measured quantities
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Question: What is the difference between structural contrast and
functional contrast?
ANSWER: Structural contrast shows the difference in different
brain structures. Functional contrast shows the differences in amount of activity in the brain
Question: What are voxels?
ANSWER: The smallest unit of an fMRI image volume; 3D-
equivalent of pixels
Question: What is functional resolution?
ANSWER: Functional resolution is the ability of the technique
to attribute physiological variation to specific mental processes as determined through various factors
Question: What contribute to functional resolution?
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ANSWER: Temporal resolution; Contrast; Spatial resolution
Question: What is magnetic resonance?
ANSWER: Magnetic resonance occurs when nuclei absorb
energy from oscillating magnetic fields at a specific frequency
Question: What advance was most critical to the development of
techniques for image formation in MRI (emphasis on "image", which implies spatial information)?
ANSWER: Paul Lauterbur determined that spatial gradients, at
different angles, were necessary to include in the magnetic field so that images could be formed
Question: What does SPM stand for, and how is it relevant to
fMRI?
ANSWER: SPM is Statistical Parametric Mapping, and it is
used to analyze and reconstruct MRI and fMRI data
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Question: What does the acronym ATP stand for? What is it
used for?
ANSWER: ATP is adenosine triphosphate. It provides energy
for cells to continue cellular processes
Question: What two types of gradients are most important for
generation of action potentials?
ANSWER: The two most important gradients are electrical
gradients and chemical/concentration gradients
Question: What are the three parts of the "tripartite synapse"?
ANSWER: It has a presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic
membrane, and an astrocytic process