Rasmussen College MDC 2 Exam 1

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Rasmussen College MDC 2 Exam 1 Study Guide

• Benign cells

: Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time

• Benign Cell Features

: o Harmless o Do not usually require

intervention

• Slow growing
• Tight Adherence
• Specific morphology
• Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
• Specific differentiated functions
• Tight adherence
• Orderly growth
• No migration
• Normal chromosomes

• Benign cell looks similar to a

: healthy cell

• Examples of Benign cells

: o Skin Tag

• Mole
• Nasal Polyp
• Uterine Fibroids
• Endometriosis 1 / 3

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• Malignant cells

: indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and result in death

• Malignant cell features

: o Large nucleus

• Migration
• Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
• Loose adherence
• Rapid or continuous cell division
• Loss of cellular regulation
• Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)

o

• Seven warning signs of cancer

: o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns

• A-A sore that doesn't heal
• U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
• T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
• I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• O-Obvious change in wart or mole
• N-Nagging cough or hoarseness

• Cancer development stages of malignancy

: o Initiation

• Promotion
• Progression
• Metastasis

• Initiation (Stage of malignancy)

: Normal cells are damaged and irreversible 2 / 3

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• Promotion

: Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells

• Progression

: Increase in production of malignant cells

• Metastasis

: Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body

• Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis

: cancer development

• Cancer classification

: o Grading o Ploidy

• Staging
• TNM
• Doubling time and mitotic index

• Grading

: Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of cancer cell from normal cells

• Ex. 1= No mutation
• 4= Severe mutation

• Ploidy

: Number of chromosomes

• Staging

: How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread

18. TNM

: o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)

• N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
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