PATHOLOGY SECTION - NBCE Part I Board Review with Complete Solutions Latest Updated 2024 Metastatic calcification - Correct Answer Calcium infiltration into *normal tissue* (Hypervitaminosis D) Dystrophic calcification - Correct Answer Calcium infiltration into *abnormal tissue* (atherosclerosis, atheroma) Caseous degeneration - Correct Answer Degeneration associated with tuberculosis Enzymatic degeneration - Correct Answer Degeneration associated with the pancreas Fatty degeneration - Correct Answer This degeneration is seen in the liver (nutmeg liver)and heart (tabby cat heart). In blood vessels, it begins as a fatty dot -> fatty streak -> atheroma (fatty plaque) -> fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium) Liquifactive degeneration - Correct Answer This type of degeneration occurs in the CNS (brain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosy) and skin (from an infection) Wallerian degeneraation - Correct Answer This type of degeneration affects peripheral nerves.Degeneration occurs from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier. It causes the "dying back" phenomenon.Zenker's (Waxy) degeneration - Correct Answer This type of degeneration is most common in skeletal muscle, and muscle is replaced with hyaline Karyolysis - Correct Answer This is nuclear rupture Karyorrhexis - Correct Answer This is nuclear swelling Pyknosis - Correct Answer This is nuclear condensation 1 / 3
Atrophy - Correct Answer This is decrease in size. Most commonly seen in muscle Hypertrophy - Correct Answer This is increase in size (usually seen in muscle) Hyperplasia - Correct Answer This is an increase in the number of cells, as seen in a pregnant uterus or goiters Metaplasia - Correct Answer This is change from one ell type to another, such as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium changing to stratified squamous epithelium in the lungs of a smoker Dysplasia - Correct Answer This is a change in size, shape, or function in a cell. It is precancerous, but the last stage that is reversible before it becomes cancerous Anaplasia - Correct Answer This is complete disorganization of a cell (cancer) Type 1 collagen - Correct Answer This collagen is found in bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments Type 2 collagen - Correct Answer This type of collagen is found in IVDs, particularly the nucleus pulposus Type 3 collagen - Correct Answer This type of collagen is known as "reticular collagen", and is found in the spleen and lymph nodes. It is *seen in early wound healing* Type 4 collagen - Correct Answer This type of collagen forms the basement membrane Silicosis - Correct Answer This type of pneumoconiosis involves silica fro sand, rock, or glass.Sandblasters are at risk. Causes "Rock Quarry disease" Asbestosis - Correct Answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by inhalation of asbestos,which leads to mesothelioma, a malignant tumor Siderosis - Correct Answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by iron dust 2 / 3
Byssinosis - Correct Answer This pneumoconiosis is caused by cotton dust, forming "brown lung" Anthracosis - Correct Answer This pneumoconiosis is black lung disease fro miners. Caplan's syndrome occurs when it is combined with RA Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis - Correct Answer This pneumoconiosis is formed by an endemic fungus in the Mississippi or Ohio valleys. Referred to as "Mississippi valley fever" or "Ohio valley fever" Coccidiomycosis - Correct Answer At his pneumoconiosis is caused by endemic fungus in the southwest.AKA "San Joaquin Valley fever" or just "Valley Fever" Blastomycosis - Correct Answer This pneumoconiosis is formed by an endemic fungus on the eastern seaboard from Florida to Nova Scotia Asthma - Correct Answer this lung disease produces sputum that yields "Curshmann's Spirals" or "Charcot Leyden crystals" Cystic fibrosis - Correct Answer This lung disease affects chloride channels. Can cause "salty baby syndrome", because of presence of sodium in sweat. Affects GI/Respiratory mucus longings and exocrine secretions. Susceptible to *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. Lung transplants required Hemosiderosis - Correct Answer Lung disease involving iron in the lung due to bleeding Pulmonary fibrosis - Correct Answer Lung disease causing "honeycomb lung" Tuberculosis - Correct Answer Lung disease involving caseous necrosis of the lung with "Ghon complex/lesions". Granulomas are present. Epithelial is histiocytes are present.If it spreads to the spine, Pott's disease occurs". If vertebra collapse from TB, they cause a *"Gibbus deformity"* Gibbus deformity - Correct Answer What deformity occurs when a vertebra collapses from TB infection?
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