pg. 1 Test Bank for Vanders Human Physiology Exams V1 – V7 2024/ All 7 Versions/ Questions with Correct Verified Answers with Rationales/ Latest 2024-2025/ Graded A+.
Chapter 1 Vander's Human Physiology Exam Questions
Physiology - ANSWER - The study of how living organisms function
Pathophysiology - ANSWER - The study of disease states
Cells - ANSWER - The simplest structural units into which a complex multi-cellular organism can be divided and still retain the functions characteristic of life
Cell Differeniation - ANSWER - The process of transforming on un-specialized cell into a specialized cell
Tissue - ANSWER - Aggregate of single type of specialized cell; also denotes general cellular fabric of a given organism
Muscle Tissue - ANSWER - 1 of 4 major tissue types in the body, comprising smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle; can be under voluntary or involuntary control
Muscle Cells - ANSWER - Specialized cell containing actin and myosin filaments and capable of generating force and movement
Nervous Tissue - ANSWER - 1 of 4 major tissue types in the body, responsible for coordinated control of muscle activity, reflexes, and conscious thought
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pg. 2 Epithelial Tissue - ANSWER - 1 of 4 major tissue types in the body, comprised of aggregates of epithelial cells
Epithelial Cells - ANSWER - Cell at surface of body or hollow organ; specialized to secrete or absorb ions and organic molecules; with other epithelial cells, forms an epithelium
Epithelium - ANSWER - Tissue that covers all body surfaces, lines all body cavities, and forms most glands
Connective Tissue - ANSWER - 1 of 4 major tissues in the body, major component of extracellular matrices, cartilage, and bone
Connective-Tissue Cells - ANSWER - Cell specialized to form extracellular elements that connect, anchor, and supply body structures
Organs - ANSWER - Collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function
Organ Systems - ANSWER - Organs that together serve an overall function
Tissues - ANSWER - Aggregates of single type of specialized cell; also denote general cellular fabric of a given organ
Neuron - ANSWER - Cell in nervous system specialized to initiate, integrate and conduct electrical signals
Basement Membrane - ANSWER - Thin layer of extracellular proteinaceous material upon which epithelial and endothelial cells sit
Extracellular Matrix - ANSWER - A complex consisting of a mixture of proteins (and in some cases minerals) interspersed with extracellular fluid
Fibers (Muscle/Nerve) - ANSWER - Muscle cell/axon of a neuron
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pg. 3 Nerve - ANSWER - Group of many axons from numerous neurons encased in connective tissue and traveling together in peripheral nervous system
Collagen Fibers - ANSWER - Strong, fibrous protein that functions as extracellular structural element in connective tissue
Elastin Fibers - ANSWER - a protein with elastic fiber or springlike properties; found in larger arteries and in the airways
Functional Units - ANSWER - 1 of a number of small structures within an organ that act similarly to carry out an organ's function
Internal Environment - ANSWER - Extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and plasma)
Intracellular Fluid - ANSWER - Fluid in cells; cytosol plus fluid in cell organelles, including nucleus
Extracellular Fluid - ANSWER - Fluid outside cell; interstitial fluid and plasma
Plasma - ANSWER - Liquid portion of blood; component of extracellular fluid
Interstitial Fluid - ANSWER - Extracellular fluid surrounding tissue cells; excludes plasma
Interstitium - ANSWER - Interstitial space; fluid filled space between tissue cells
Homeostasis - ANSWER - Relatively stable condition of internal environment that results from regulatory system action; a "steady state"
Dynamic Constancy - ANSWER - A way of describing homeostasis that includes the idea that a variable such as blood glucose may vary in the short term but is stable and predictable when averaged over the ling term
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pg. 4 Homeostatic Control Systems - ANSWER - Collection of interconnected components that keeps a physical or chemical variable of internal environment within a predetermined normal range of values
Steady State - ANSWER - No net change; continual energy input to system is required, however, to prevent net change; compare equilibrium
Equilibrium - ANSWER - No net change occurs in a system; requires no energy
Set Point - ANSWER - Steady-state value maintained by homeostatic control system
Negative Feedback - ANSWER - Characteristic of control systems in which system's response opposes the original change in the system
Positive Feedback - ANSWER - Characteristic of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further
Feedforward - ANSWER - Aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable
Reflex - ANSWER - Biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated by a reflex arc
Acquired (Learned) Reflexes - ANSWER - Behaviors that appear to be stereotypical and automatic but that in fact result from considerable conscious effort to be learned
Reflex Arc - ANSWER - Neural or hormonal components that mediate a reflex; usually includes receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, and effector
Stimulus - ANSWER - Detectable change in internal or external environment
Receptor (for messengers) - ANSWER - Protein either on cell surface, in the cytosol, or in the nucleus that binds a chemical messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter and mediates its actions
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