TESTmBANK mFOR - ldrenm9thmEditionmbymJuliamRogers Chapterm1-49 ...

TESTmBANK mFOR McCancem&mHuether’smPathophysiologymThemBiologicmBasismformDiseaseminmAdultsmandmChi ldrenm9thmEditionmbymJuliamRogers

Chapterm1-49

Chapterm01:mCellularmBiology

Rogers:mMcCancem&mHuether’smPathophysiology,m9thmEdition

MULTIPLE mCHOICE

• Whichmstatementmbestmdescribesmthemcellularmfunctionmofmmetabolicmabsorption?
• Cellsmcanmproducemproteins.
• Cellsmcanmsecretemdigestivemenzymes.
• Cellsmcanmtakeminmandmusemnutrients.
• Cellsmcanmsynthesizemfats.

ANS:mC

Inmmetabolicmabsorption,mallmcellsmtakeminmandmusemnutrientsmandmothermsubstancesmfrommtheirm surroundings.mThemremainingmoptionsmaremnotminclusiveminmtheirmdescriptionsmofmcellularmmeta bolicmabsorption.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Wheremismmostmofmamcell’smgeneticminformation,mincludingmRNAmandmDNA,mcontained?
• Mitochondria
• Ribosome
• Nucleolus
• Lysosome

ANS:mC

Themnucleusmcontainsmthemnucleolus,mamsmallmdensemstructuremcomposedmlargelymofmRNA,mmo stmofmthemcellularmDNA,mandmthemDNA- bindingmproteins,msuchmasmthemhistones,mwhichmregulatemitsmactivity.mThemmitochondriamaremres ponsiblemformcellularmrespirationmandmenergymproduction.Ribosomes’mchiefmfunctionmismtomprovidemsitesmformcellularmproteinmsynthesis.mLysosomesmfunc tionmasmthemintracellularmdigestivemsystem.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Whichmcomponentmofmthemcellmproducesmhydrogenmperoxidem(H2O2)mbymusingmoxygenmtomremo

vemhydrogenmatomsmfrommspecificmsubstratesminmanmoxidativemreaction?

• Lysosomes
• Peroxisomes
• Ribosomes
• Endosome

ANS:mB 1 / 4

Peroxisomesmaremsomnamedmbecausemtheymusuallymcontainmenzymesmthatmusemoxygenmtomremov emhydrogenmatomsmfrommspecificmsubstratesminmanmoxidativemreactionmthatmproducesmH2O2,mwhi chmismampowerfulmoxidantmandmpotentiallymdestructivemifmitmaccumulatesmormescapesmfrommperox isomes.mRibosomesmaremRNA- proteinmcomplexesm(nucleoproteins)mthatmaremsynthesizedminmthemnucleolusmandmsecretedmintomt hemcytoplasmmthroughmporesminmthemnuclearmenvelopemcalledmnuclearmporemcomplexes.mLysoso mesmaremsaclikemstructuresmthatmoriginatemfrommthemGolgimcomplexmandmcontainmmoremthanm40m digestivemenzymesmcalledmhydrolases,mwhichmcatalyzembondsminmproteins,mlipids,mnucleicmacids ,mandmcarbohydrates.mAnmendosomemismamvesicalmthatmhasmbeenmpinchedmoffmfrommthemcellularm membrane.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Whichmcellmcomponentmismcapablemofmcellularmautodigestionmwhenmitmismreleasedmduringmc

ellminjury?

• Ribosome
• Golgimcomplex
• Smoothmendoplasmicmreticulum
• Lysosomes

ANS:mD

Themlysosomalmmembranemactsmasmamprotectivemshieldmbetweenmthempowerfulmdigestivemenzym esmwithinmthemlysosomemandmthemcytoplasm,mpreventingmtheirmleakagemintomthemcytoplasmicmm atrix.mDisruptionmofmthemmembranembymvariousmtreatmentsmormcellularminjurymleadsmtomamreleas emofmthemlysosomalmenzymes,mwhichmcanmthenmreactmwithmtheirmspecificmsubstrates,mcausingmce llularmself- mdigestion.mThemchiefmfunctionmofmamribosomemismtomprovidemsitesmformcellularmproteinmsynthesi s.mThemGolgimcomplexmismamnetworkmofmflattened,msmoothmvesiclesmandmmembranesmoftenmloca tedmnearmthemcellmnucleus.mThemsmoothmendoplasmicmreticulummisminvolvedminmsteroidmhormon emproductionmandmremovingmtoxicmsubstancesmfrommthemcell.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• WhichmcAMP-mediatedmresponsemismrelatedmtomantidiureticmhormone?
• Increasedmheartmratemandmforcemofmcontractio

n

• Secretionmofmcortisol
• Increasedmretentionmofmwater
• Breakdownmofmfat

ANS:mC

Antidiureticmhormonemleadsmtomincreasedmretentionmofmwaterminmthembody.mEpinephrinemcausesmincr easesminmheartmratemandmforcemofmcontraction.mIncreasedmcortisolmsecretionmismduemtomACTH.mBreakd ownmofmfatmismduemtomglucagon.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• DuringmwhichmphasemofmthemcellmcyclemismDNAmsynthesized?
• G1
• S
• G2
• M

ANS:mB 2 / 4

Themfourmdesignatedmphasesmofmthemcellmcyclemare:m(1)mthemG1mphasem(Gm=mgap),mwhichmismthem periodmbetweenmthemMmphasem(Mm=mmitosis)mandmthemstartmofmDNAmsynthesis;m(2)mthemSmphase m(S =msynthesis),mduringmwhichmDNAmismsynthesizedminmthemcellmnucleus;m(3)mthemG2mphase,mdurin gmwhichmRNAmandmproteinmsynthesismoccurs,mthemperiodmbetweenmthemcompletionmofmDNAmsy nthesismandmthemnextmphasem(M);mandm(4)mthemMmphase,mwhichmincludesmnuclearmandmcytoplas micmdivision.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Whatmorganicmcompoundmfacilitatesmtransportationmacrossmcellmmembranesmbymactingm

asmreceptors,mtransportmchannelsmformelectrolytes,mandmenzymesmtomdrivemactivempump s?

• Lipids
• Proteases
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates

ANS:mC

Proteinsmhavemseveralmfunctions,mincludingmactingmasmreceptors,mtransportmchannelsmformelectrol ytes,mandmenzymesmtomdrivemactivempumpsmLipidsmhelpmactmasmthem―glue‖mholdingmcellmmembra nesmtogether.mProteasesmcausemthembreakdownmofmprotein.mCarbohydratesmareminvolvedminmcellul armprotectionmandmlubricationmandmhelpmproducemenergymviamoxidativemphosphorylation.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Understandingmthemvariousmstepsmofmproteolyticmcascadesmmaymbemusefulminmdesigningmdr

ugmtherapymformwhichmhumanmdiseases?

• Cardiacmandmvascularmdisorders
• Autoimmunemandmmalignantmdisorders
• Gastrointestinalmandmrenalmdisorders
• Endocrinemandmgastrointestinalmdisorders

ANS:mB

Understandingmthemvariousmstepsminvolvedminmthismprocessmismcrucialmformdesigningmdrugminter ventions.mDysregulationmofmproteasesmfeaturesmprominentlyminmmanymhumanmdiseases,mincludi ngmcancer,mautoimmunity,mandmneurodegenerativemdisorders.mCardiac,mvascular,mgastrointesti nal,mrenal,mandmendocrinemdisordersmdomnotminvolvemthismprocess.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Whichmstructurempreventsmwater-

solublemmoleculesmfrommenteringmcellsmacrossmthemplasmammembrane?

• Carbohydratemchains
• Glycoproteinmchannels
• Membranemchannelmproteins
• Lipidmbilayer

ANS:mD 3 / 4

Thembilayer’smstructuremaccountsmformonemofmthemessentialmfunctionsmofmthemplasmammembrane.mItmismimpermeablemtommostmwater- solublemmoleculesm(moleculesmthatmdissolveminmwater)mbecausemthemwater- solublemmoleculesmareminsolubleminmthemoilymcoremregion.mThembilayermservesmasmambarriermtomt hemdiffusionmofmwatermandmhydrophilicmsubstancesmwhilemallowingmlipid- solublemmolecules,msuchmasmoxygenm(O2)mandmcarbonmdioxidem(CO2),mtomdiffusemthroughmitmrea dily.Carbohydratemchains,mglycoproteinmchannels,mandmmembranemchannelmproteinsmdomnotmpreve ntmwater-solublemmoleculesmfrommenteringmcellsmacrossmthemcellmmembrane.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Amstudentmasksmformanmexplanationmofmthemabsolutemrefractorymperiodmofmthemactionmpotenti

al.mWhatmresponsembymthemprofessormismbest?

• Amstrongermthanmnormalmimpulsemwillmevokemanothermresponse.
• Nomstimulusmismablemtomevokemanothermresponsematmthismtime.
• Multiplemstimulimcanmproducemmoremrapidmactionmpotentials.
• Themhyperpolarizedmstatemmeansmamweakermstimulusmproducesmamrespons

e.

ANS:mB

Duringmthemabsolutemrefractorymstatemofmthemactionmpotential,mnomstimulusmismablemtomevokeman othermresponsemfrommthemcell.mAmstrongermthanmnormalmimpulsemmaymgeneratemamresponseminmt hemrelativemrefractorymperiod.mThismperiodmofmtimemismnotmrelatedmtomthemnumbermofmstimuli.mA mhyperpolarizedmstatemmeansmamstrongermthanmnormalmstimulusmwouldmbemneededmtomgeneratem amresponse.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Whichmformmofmcellmcommunicationmismusedmtomwithinmthemcellmitselfmandmwithmothermcells

minmdirectmphysicalmcontact?

• Proteinmchannelm(gapmjunction)
• Plasmammembrane-boundmsignalingmmolecules
• Hormonemsecretionmsuchmasmneurotransmitters
• Extracellularmchemicalmmessengersmsuchmasmligand

s

ANS:mB

Cellsmcommunicateminmthreemmainmways;mtheymdisplaymplasmammembrane- boundmsignalingmmoleculesmthatmaffectmthemcellmitselfmandmothermcellsminmdirectmphysicalmcontac tmwithmit,mtheymaffectmreceptormproteinsminsidemthemtargetmcell,mandmtheymformmproteinmchannelsm (gapmjunctions)mthatmdirectlymcoordinatemthemactivitiesmofmadjacentmcells.mNeurotransmittersmare mreleasedmbymneuronsmandmcrossmthemsynapticmcleftmtomcommunicatemwithmthemcellsmtheyminnerv ate.mLigandsmareminvolvedminmbindingmprocesses.DIF: CognitivemLevel:mRemembering

• Whichmmodemofmchemicalmsignalingmusesmbloodmtomtransportmcommunicationmtomcellsmso

memdistancemaway?

• Paracrine
• Autocrine
• Neurotransmitter
• Hormonal

ANS:mD

• / 4