the scientific study of how various parts of organism function

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BioS 224

• Physiology

–Answer the scientific study of how various parts of organism function

• Anatomy

–Answer the scientific study of body structure.· A structure without function has no relevance.· Evolutionary remnants do not need for the animal, they don't have a function therefore it's not needed.

• Colloquial term for animals

–Answer non-humans animals

• Diversity of animals

–Answer there are more than 1 million known animal species on earth · Diverse species –Answer betels are of the most diverse · Diverse habitats · Diverse characteristics

• Organization of the animal Kingdom

–Answer · Animal kingdom is monophyletic o All taxa evolved from from a single common ancestor.· 35 recognized animal phyla Phyla can be grouped into clades based on shared characteristics. 1 / 3

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• Animals are

–Answer · Multicellular eukaryote that lacks cell wall · Heterotrph · Motile at least at some time in their lives (can move) · Reproduces asexually or sexually · Most have nerve and muscles

• Clades

–Answer monophyletic groups that share a common ancestor

• Multi-cellular Eukaryotes

–Answer · Most likely evolved from a colonial unicellular ances- tor during thePrecambrian era (700 mya) · Probably a flagellated protist Cells in these protists gradually became more specializedand layered.· Hypothesized evolution of a two-layered animal body plan Similar to modern colonial flagellated species- the choanoflagellates · Supported by morphological molecular evidence.· Some cells may have taken on specialized function.

• Choanoflagellates

–Answer protists that are the closest living relatives of animals

• Tissue stability in animals

–Answer ·is achieved through the extracellular matrix and cell junctions. (lipid bilayer)

• Anchoring Junction

–Answer mechanically attaches adjacent cells to each other or to the basement membrane

• Tight junction

–Answer a type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through 2 / 3

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the space between cells

• Gap junction

–Answer A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.

• Body Plan

–Answer a set of morphological and developmental traits · Embryonic development pattern · Germ cell layers · Body symmetry (radical or bilateral) · Body cavity type

• Reproduction

–Answer · Germ line cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes.· Gametes fuse during fertilization to form a diploid zygote.· Asexual reproduction also occurs (budding in hydra (clone), fragmentation in echinoderms and parthenogenesisin insects, some reptiles)

• Zygote cleavage

–Answer

• Zygotes undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth. At this stage the cells become

smaller yet there is no growth.

• Zygote develops into a compact mass of cells termed morula. Soild mass of all the cell

divisions

• Morula derives into a hollow sphere of single layer of cells termed blastula. (hollow)
• Protostomes

–Answer exhibit spiral cleavage - newly produced cells lie in the space between the cells immediately below them.

• Each cells developmental path is determined as the cell is produced
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