Updated Study Guide - Anatomy & Physiology 2 Chapter 19 – Blood: Wh...

Anatomy Physiology 2 Updated Study Guide

2024-2025. 1 / 4

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pg. 1 Study Guide for Final Anatomy & Physiology 2

Chapter 19 – Blood:

What is the Cardiovascular System?• System that provides the body’s cells with nutrients and oxygen and removes wastes • Includes heart, vessels and blood • Blood is a connective tissue

Functions of Blood:

• Transport of nutrients, gases and wastes • Stabilizes body temperature • Buffer – regulates pH • Defense against bacteria, disease-causing organisms and toxins • Prevent blood loss – clotting

Physical Characteristics of Blood:

• Temperature o Normal – 100.4 F or 38 C o Slightly higher than body temperature • Viscosity o 5x more viscous than water! o Stickiness; cohesiveness o Resistant to flow • Solute Concentration o Equivalent to 0.9% NaCl o ISOTONIC • pH

o -log[H+] o Normal:

7.35-7.45 o Slightly basic • Percent of Body Weight o 7% • Blood Volume

o Males: 5-6 liters o

Females: 4-5 liters

Collecting Blood for Analysis Venipuncture. Why? o Low pressure o Superficial o Thin walled • Peripheral Capillaries o Fingertip o Used to determine blood glucose, cholesterol, hemoglobin, etc.• Arterial Puncture o Blood gases Fractionated Blood • The components have been separated by centrifugation • Hematocrit = (volume of packed red cells)/(volume of whole blood) o Normal: 45% 3 / 4

l OM oAR cP SD | 40 92 3 18 3 2 pg. 2 Plasma Composition • Water o 92%

• Main component o

Dissolved gases • Plasma Proteins o Albumin 60% of proteins Contribute to the osmotic pressure Solute o Globulins 35% of proteins Immunoglobulins • Defense Transport Globulins • Hormone binding globulins o Hormones • Metalloproteins o Metals and iron • Lipoproteins o Lipids and cholesterol • Steroid binding proteins o Testosterone and estrogen

• Fibrinogen

4% Involved in blood clotting o Regulatory Proteins 1% Hormones and enzymes • Other Solutes o 1%

• Electrolytes

Salts/ions = conduct electrical currents

Main: sodium

Others: potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, sulfate,

phosphate

o Organic Nutrients Main:

glucose,

Others: cholesterol, amino acids, fatty acids o

Organic Wastes

Main: urea

Others: uric acid, bilirubin, ammonia

The Formed Elements: Erythrocytes

• Abundance: most abundance of the formed elements

• Males: 4.5-6.3 million RBC/mm

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• Females: 4.2-5.3 million RBC/mm

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Erythrocyte Structure:

• Biconcave disk

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