1 VTNE Pharmacology Final Exam/ Complete Exam Questions with Correct Verified Answers/ Rated A+/ Updated 2024.
Diphenhydramine is typically used in treating which of the following conditions?
Allergic reactions Auto-immune conditions Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Urinary incontinence Urinary tract infections - Correct Answer - Allergic Reactions.Rationale; Diphenhydramine is also known as Benadryl. It is a an anti-histamine most commonly used for treating allergies or allergic reactions.A urinary tract infection would require an antibiotic. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is an immune mediated condition and is usually treated with cyclosporine. Auto-immune conditions also call for immunosuppressive agents. Urinary incontinence may be treated with phenylpropanolamine.
Which drug can be given as a tablet into the conjunctival sac in the eye to induce vomiting?
Apomorphine Xylazine Hydrogen peroxide Morphine - Correct Answer - Apomorphine can be given as an injectable or in tablet form that can be dissolved into the eye to induce emesis. Giving it orally is not as effective. It acts by dopamine stimulation. 1 / 4
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Which of the following drugs is considered an alpha-2 agonist?Atropine Atipamezole Dexmedetomidine Yohimbine - Correct Answer - Dexmedetomidine.
Rationale; Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor) is a sedative/analgesic that acts on the alpha-2 receptors of the brain. Xylazine is also an important alpha-2 agonist to know.Atipamezole is the reversal for dexmedetomidine. Therefore it is an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist (it antagonizes the effects of the dexmedetomidine).Yohimbine is an alpha-2 blocker used to reverse xylazine (which is an alpha-2 agonist).Atropine is an anticholinergic drug (parasympatholytic).
A 20-kg patient is currently receiving 52 ml/hr of Lactated Ringer's Solution. The clinician has requested that 2 mg/kg/day of metoclopramide be added to the bag.Metoclopramide is available as a 5 mg/ml solution. How many milliliters do you need to add to a 1 liter bag?
6.5 ml
- ml
0.8 ml 45 ml - Correct Answer - 6.5 ml.Rationale; This is definitely a more complicated calculation question, but when broken down it is not insurmountable.A 20-kg patient will need 40 mg/day of metoclopramide (20 kg x 2 mg/kg/day) Since the fluid is being administered at an hourly rate, we need to figure out how much metoclopramide we are administering per hour. 2 / 4
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40 mg/day / (24 hr) = 1.7 mg/hr To determine how much volume of metoclopramide is needed, the following math is
performed:
1.7 mg/hr / (52 ml/hr) x (1000 ml)= 32.6 mg (Notice how the units cancel out.) 32.6 mg / (5 mg/ml) = 6.5 ml
Administration of which antimicrobial is MOST LIKELY to result in diarrhea in the adult horse?
Gentacin Enrofloxacin Erythromycin Penicillin Ceftiofur - Correct Answer - Erythromycin.Rationale; Many antimicrobials can result in diarrhea in horses because of disruption of the normal intestinal flora. Of the drugs listed, erythromycin has the highest likelihood of contributing to the development of diarrhea. Erythromycin is administered to foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia but is rarely used in adult horses because of its common association with the development of diarrhea. All the other listed drugs can be administered to horses.
Acepromazine concentration is 10 mg/mL. You are instructed to make a dilute acepromazine solution at 1 mg/mL. Which of the following could be used for how much acepromazine and how much sterile water are mixed to make this concentration?
- mL acepromazine and 1 mL sterile water
- mL acepromazine and 9 mL sterile water
10 mL acepromazine and 25 mL sterile water
0.1 mL acepromazine and 2.5 mL sterile water - Correct Answer - 1 mL acepromazine and 9 mL sterile water. 3 / 4
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Rationale;
- mL of acepromazine is equal to 10 mg (since ace is 10 mg/mL). This 10 mg mixed in 9
- mL (10 mg) of ace + 9 mL of sterile water = 10 mL total volume
mL of sterile water results in a concentration of 1 mg/mL.
10 mg / 10mL = 1 mg/mL
A 5-year old female spayed Yorkie presents with a history of decreased vision. The doctor asks you to perform tonometry on this dog. Which of the following may be used as a topical anesthetic to the eyes so that you may check the intraocular pressures with your Tonopen?
Proparacaine Benzocaine Bupivacaine Lidocaine - Correct Answer - Proparacaine Rationale; It is a topical anesthetic for the eyes. The other choices should not be used in the eyes.The other options are local anesthetic agents but are likely to cause irritation and/or corneal ulceration.
Which of the following routes of administration would give a drug the highest bioavailability?
Intramuscular Subcutaneous Intravenous Oral - Correct Answer - Intravenous.Rationale; Absorption of a drug is the movement of the drug from the site of administration into the systemic circulation. The route of administration directly affects how bioavailable the
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