WGU D027 Final Exam Complete Study Guide (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - structure
Answer:
LEFT ventricle is underdevel- oped Mitral valves not formed properly Aortic valve not formed properly Ascending aorta underdeveloped Atrial septal defect
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - fetal shunts
Answer:
patent ductus arteriosus - artery connecting aorta to pulmonary artery patent foramen ovale - hole connecting right atrium to left atrium
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - survival rates
Answer:
3-5 year survival rates of 70% for infants with stage 1 repari Children who survive 12 months have 90% survival rate
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 1
Answer:
1-2 weeks old (nor- wood procedure)
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Enlarges aorta and connects to the right ventricle, shunt to pulmonary artery is created, patent ductus arteriosus is closed
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 2
Answer:
4-6 months old (glenn procedure) SVC is connected to pulmonary artery, shunt from norwood is removed
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 3
Answer:
18-36 months old (fontan procedure) IVC is connected to pulmonary artery, hole is made from the IVC conduit attached to the right atrium
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - s/s
Answer:
cyanosis, pallor, sweaty/clammy/cool skin, trouble breathing, rapid HR, cold feet, poor pedal pulses, poor feeding
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - testing
Answer:
during pregnancy - prenatal tests to check for birth defects, ultrasound to identify HLLS, echocardiogram to show structures of heart after birth - based on s/s through pallor and cyanosis, newborn will experience s/s once ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close echocardiogram
Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - medication 2 / 4
Answer:
tube feedings, medications to strengthen heart muscles, lower BP, and remove extra fluid
Q: Parathyroid - function
Answer:
produces parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium in the bloodstream/tissue - more PTH released = more calcium in bones released to blood/tissue = losing density and strength
Q: Parathyroid - labs
Answer:
calcium (8.6-10.3 mg/dL) PTH (11-51 pg/mL)
Q: Parathyroid - s/s hyperparathyroid
Answer:
osteoporosis, kidney stones, excessive urination, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness, bone/joint pain
Q: Parathyroid - s/s hypoparathyroid
Answer:
High PTH, low T3/T4 paresthesia, twitching of facial muscles, muscle pains/cramps, mood changes, dry/rough skin
Q: Parathyroid - testing
Answer:
ultrasound, bone densitometry, body CT/MRI
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Q: Parathyroid - medications
Answer:
calcimimetics, hormone replacement, biphospho- nates
Q: Parathyroid - treatment
Answer:
maintain low serum calcium level in hypoparathyroid
Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - definition
Answer:
progressive genetic dis- order causing children to age rapidly - no cure - appears in first two years of life
Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - causes
Answer:
abberant splicing of the LMNA making protein - progerin Causes the nuclear envelope to surround the nucleus to be unstable and damages
it, causing it to die test for LMNA mutation
Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - assessment
Answer:
measure height/weight, plot measurements on normal growth curve chart, test hearing and vision
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