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WGU D115 OA AND PRE-OA REVIEW UNIT 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 &7 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025 TEST BANK (D115 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY )
Unit 2 ● Identify the types of genetic testing (carrier screening) and their uses for family planning, disease screening, diagnosis and treatments
Different types of genetic testing are done for different reasons:
● Diagnostic testing. ...● Presymptomatic and predictive testing. ...● Carrier testing. ...● Pharmacogenetics. ...● Prenatal testing. ...● Newborn screening. ...● Preimplantation testing.Identify the chromosomes affected in patients with turner syndrome. completely or partially missing X chromosome What are the clinical characteristics? Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting girls and women, symptoms include short stature and lack of breast development and periods.How are these individuals treated? Treatment for Turner syndrome may include hormone therapy.
● discuss the clinical manifestations and pathophysiology of cri du chat syndrome Infants with this condition often have a high-pitched cry that sounds like that of a cat, characterized by intellectual disability and delayed development, small head size (microcephaly), low birth weight, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy.● describe the process of adaptive immunity adaptive immunity is activated by exposure to pathogens and uses an immunological memory to learn about the threat and enhance the immune response accordingly.● Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment options for the autoimmune condition of systemic Lupus erythematosus inflammation and blood vessel abnormalities, which include band or occlusive vasculopathy, vasculitis, and immune complex deposition. The best characterised organ pathology is in the kidney.Describe how vaccines activate the immune system and how they lead to immunity of disease vaccination give rise to active immunity?Vaccines work by making us produce antibodies to fight disease without actually infecting us with the disease. If the vaccinated person then comes into contact with the disease itself, their immune system will recognise it and immediately produce the antibodies they need to fight it.
What chromosomes are affected in person’s with Down Syndrome? What other diseases may affect persons with Down Syndrome?The extra chromosome 21 leads to the physical features and developmental challenges that can occur among people with Down syndrome. Researchers know that Down syndrome is caused 1 / 3
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by an extra chromosome, but no one knows for sure why Down syndrome occurs or how many different factors play a role.● Heart defects. About half the children with Down syndrome are born with some type of congenital heart defect. ...● Gastrointestinal (GI) defects. ...● Immune disorders. ...● Sleep apnea. ...● Obesity. ...● Spinal problems. ...● Leukemia. ...● Dementia
● What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function
Unit 3 ● Discuss the theories regarding the etiologies of Bell’s palsy. Which cranial nerve is impacted?Bell's palsy is the most common condition involving a rapid and unilateral onset of peripheral paresis/paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve.● Discuss the different abnormal motor responses associated with decreased responsiveness in acute brain injuries.Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a blow, bump or jolt to the head, the head suddenly and violently hitting an object or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. Observing one of the following clinical signs constitutes alteration in the normal brain
function:
● Loss of or decreased consciousness ● Loss of memory for events before or after the event (amnesia) ● Focal neurological deficits such as muscle weakness, loss of vision, change in speech ● Alteration in mental state such as disorientation, slow thinking or difficulty concentrating
Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of damage to the brain. Mild cases may result in a brief change in mental state or consciousness. Severe cases may result in extended periods of unconsciousness, coma, or even death.
● How can the abnormal motor responses help the clinician to evaluate the level of dysfunction and the side of the brain that is damaged?complete neurological examination. The neurological examination includes an assessment utilizing the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). In addition to the GCS, also tested is the ability of the pupils to become smaller in bright light. In patients with large mass lesions or with high intracranial pressure (ICP), one or both pupils may be very wide or "blown." The presence of a wide or dilated pupil on only one side suggests a large mass lesion may be present. Brainstem reflexes including gag and corneal (blink) may also be tested.Provide 2 examples. 2 / 3
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● Discuss the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. What are the common manifestations?Discuss the possible damage to cranial nerves. Review figure 18.24 in your McCance textbook.Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly developing inflammation of the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and of the fluid-filled space between the meninges (subarachnoid space) when it is caused by bacteria ● Review the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis. Discuss the significance of myasthenia gravis and pregnancy.Myasthenia gravis is a complex autoimmune disorder. It causes antibodies to destroy the connections between your muscles and nerves. This causes muscle weakness and tiredness.Only about 20 out of 100,000 people get this disorder. In young people, myasthenia gravis happens more in women than in men. Some people just have weakness in the eye muscles. Others have weakness in the face, arms, and legs.Myasthenia gravis may be of special concern during pregnancy. Some women with the disease have breathing problems (myasthenic crisis) while pregnant. In other women, the disease may go into remission.This is when some or all symptoms go away. Pregnancy does not seem to make the disease worse.
Discuss the pathophysiology of acute otitis media. What age group is most affected? What bacteria is the most common cause? What are common manifestations?Acute otitis media (AOM) is an acute, suppurative infectious process marked by the presence of infected middle ear fluid and inflammation of the mucosa lining the middle ear space (picture 1). The infection is most frequently precipitated by impaired function of the Eustachian tube, resulting in the retention and suppuration of retained secretions (figure 1). AOM may also be associated with purulent otorrhea if there is a ruptured tympanic membrane. AOM usually responds promptly to antimicrobial therapy.(See 'Definition' above.) ● Microbiology – Common bacteria causing AOM in both children and adults are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. Group A Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Moraxella catarrhalis are less frequent causes. Most cases of AOM occur in young children ages 6 to 24 months, with the incidence of AOM declining significantly after age 5
Discuss the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder. What are the common manifestations? What are the risk factors?Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) usually involves a persistent feeling of anxiety or dread, which can interfere with daily life. It is not the same as occasionally worrying about things or experiencing anxiety due to stressful life events. People living with GAD experience frequent anxiety for months, if not years.
Symptoms of GAD include:
● Feeling restless, wound-up, or on-edge ● Being easily fatigued ● Having difficulty concentrating ● Being irritable ● Having headaches, muscle aches, stomachaches, or unexplained pains
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