WGU D203 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND

WGU D203 FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY 2024 NEW UPDATED GUIDE;ACTUAL

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SOLVED AND VERIFIED

100%(EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO PASS D023 IS

HERE) Anatomy - The study of the body's structure Physiology - The Study of the body's functioning Levels of human body (smallest to largest) - Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal 11 Basic systems that make up human body - Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Digestive, Urinary, Immune(lymphatic), Integumentary, Endocrine, Reproductive (male and female) Anterior (Ventral) - Front/ Direction toward front of body Posterior (Dorsal) - Back/ Direction toward back of body Superior (Cranial) - Position above/ higher than another part of the body Inferior (Caudal) - Position below or lower then another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail Lateral - Side or direction toward the side of the body Medial - Middle or direction toward middle of the body 1 / 4

Proximal - Position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or trunk of the body.Distal - Position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body Superficial - Position closer to the surface of the body Deep - Position farther from the surface of the body What percent of body weight does skeletal system account for? - 20% Humans have a vertebral column (backbone) so they are classified as what? - vertebrates The bones of the skeleton are divided into two divisions: - axial and appendicular Axial skeleton is comprised of - Head and trunk of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and rib cage. Bones along the center, or axis, of the body. Bones of the extremities. It is appended to the axial skeleton.Appendicular skeleton is comprised of - remaining bones that are not axial so the bones of the limbs (arms, legs, hands, feet) and girdles(shoulder and pelvic) How many bones in adult human skeleton - 206 Compact bone tissue - forms the extremely hard outside layer of bones. Gives bones their smooth, dense, solid appearance. Accounts for 80% of total bone mass of adult skeleton Spongy bone tissue - Fills part or all of interior of bones. It is porous like a sponge, with irregular networks of spaces. Much less dense than compact bones. Greater surface area than compact bones but only 20% of bone mass. 2 / 4

Five classifications of bones based on size and structure - Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, sesamoid bones Long Bones - consist of long shaft, are cylindrical in cross-section, and usually expanded at either end.Mostly comprised of compact bone but have spongy bone within ends. ACT AS LEVERS FOR THE

SKELETAL MUSCLES TO ACT UPON.

Short Bones - Generally equal in width and length. Mainly composed of spongy bone surrounded by thin layer of compact bone. ALLOW SMALL AMOUNTS OF VARIED MOVEMENT WHEN ARTICULATED

TOGETHER

Flat Bones - Smooth, thin bones comprising of 2 thin and flat plates of compact bone, between which lies a layer of spongy bone. THEY PROTECT SOFT INTERNAL STRUCTURES AND PROVIDE ATTACHMENT

FOR MUSCLES

Irregular Bones - Elaborate in shape - not classified into any other category Sesamoid Bones - Small or bony nodules embedded in a tendon where it passes over an angular structure like a knee, hand, wrist, or foot What type of bone are these? Humerus (upper arm), femur (thigh), clavicle (collarbone), radius(forearm), ulna(forearm), phalanges(fingers and toes), tibia (lower leg), fibula (lower leg) - Long Bones What type of bones are these? Carpal (wrist) and tarsal (ankle) bones - Short Bones What type of bones are these? Skull (Cranial), rib cage, scapula (shoulder blade) - Flat Bones What type of bones are these? Vertebrae (spine), hip bones, mandible (jaw) - Irregular Bones What type of bones are these? Patella (kneecap) - Sesamoid Bones 3 / 4

Joint (articulation) - where two bones come together

• categories of joints (articulations) based on range of movement - immoveable, partly moveable, and

movable

• main types of joints (articulations) based on structure - Cartilaginous, Fibrous, Synovial

Cartilaginous Joints - Connected by hyaline cartilage, have no joint cavity (Joint b/w adjacent vertebrae in spine) Fibrous Joint - Connected by dense connective tissue and have no joint cavity (skull, ribcage) Synovial Joines - Fluid filled cavity called a bursa that surrounds and provides cushion for articulating bones (hip, knee joints) bursa - a closed, fluid-filled sac that works as a cushion and gliding surface to reduce friction between tissues of the body

• types of connective tissue - Cartilage, Ligament, Tendon

Cartilage - Tough but flexible tissue that covers ends of bones of moveable joints and protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. Gives shape and support to other parts of body like ears, nose, and windpipe Ligament - Bines one bone to another. Helps to hold structures together and allows for side to side stability. The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) attaches the thigh bone to the shin bone and stabilizes the knee joint What does ACL stand for? - anterior cruciate ligament Tendon - Attaches muscle to bone. Aids in movement of bone or structure. EX: Achilles tendon connects calf muscle to heel bone.

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